Abstract Background: The varieties of treatment methods for the scaphoid non:::union::: have always been a discussable issue for orthopaedic surgeons. The current study, considered to be review for treatment results of the patients who sustained the scaphoid non:::union::: with or without avascular necrosis and compared these two groups clinically and radiologically. Methods: The clinical and ...

Introduction: Intramedullary nailing (IMN) of high tibia fracture has some mechanical and biological advantages over the other form of fixation. However, valgus, apex anterior malalignment and anterior displacement of proximal fragment commonly occur after isolated IMN fixation of proximal high tibia fracture. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of using 3.5-mm locking c...

Background: The treatment of distal clavicle fracture is always a challenge, as it is mostly unstable and has higherrate of delayed union, malunion, non-union and associated acromioclavicular arthritis. So the management of thesefractures remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional results of Type 2 distal endclavicle fractures treated with superior anterior l...

abstract  background: reamed interlocking intramedullary nailing of the tibia is a procedure  for the treatment of a non-infected tibial non:::::union:::::. the purpose of this clinical  study was to evaluate the outcome of this method as a treatment of tibial non:::::union:::::.  methods: twenty-nine patients with non:::::union::::: after initial therapy for tibial fracture  were retrospective...

The European Union has aspired to create an “ever closer union” among its people since the articulation of the European Union citizenship has been an important instrument towards it. However, attempts at creating this “ever closer union” have focused on homogenizing European citizens as a single entity without taking into account the heterogeneous differentials among such citizens. Gender diffe...

Background: The treatment of open tibial fractures is still an orthopaedic challenge and full of complications. In many cases the use of external fixator that has been known as a non-union machine is obligatory with a high incidence of pin track infection and other complications. The aim of this study was to compare the use of external fixation as a definite method for treatment of open tibial ...

conclusions due to the high risk of non-:union: and mal-:union: in humerus shaft fracture, and because applying this simple and inexpensive technique significantly decreased these complications, injecting autologous bone marrow grafts is recommended for accelerating :union: in cases of humerus fracture. results the mean time of :union: was 8.54 ± 3.41 weeks for the individuals followed in the s...

the eu, which has its roots in the early fifties, in a short time reached nearly all aims to which the founders had refereed. establishing the major institutions and promoting its member states to cooperate in economic, social, political and recently in military issues, the eu is going to attain the old aspiration of the europeans, i.e., a united states of europe. in this regard, the conclusion...