Background: ART contracts involving third parties have been created while clinical reproductive treatments are globally widespread. Iran is pioneer in applying these treatments in middle-east due to shii’at jurisprudence prescribing them. This key role in region, has raised Iranian jurists’ responsibility in developing a legal system regarding administration of ART. The most significant part of...

Abstract In its ‘refugee quota decision’ of 2016 the Hungarian Constitutional Court (HCC) ‘invented’ competences ultra vires, sovereignty and constitutional identity controls. The sword (CI) has been forged against foreign – first all EU law. development new concept interplay between Government, Government-dominated parliament loyal to Government seems be evident. textual analysis relevant HCC'...

bailsman is commitment to summon party .this commitment on suspect of some, cause dominate on the third-party .for this reason, some have questioned the validity of contract, other groups have attempted to justify the validity of the contract with using of joint and several liability and advocacy. in sunni jurisprudence, the first tool used and in shiie, the second tool. but the truth is that t...

This paper aims at exploring the decisions of highest national courts that had declared CJEU ultra vires, without binding effect in their countries. The same as Czech, Danish and German courts, Constitutional Court Republic Croatia (CCRC) could deliver such a decision according to Article 129 Constitution (CRC) 104 Act on (CACC). In procedure, CCRC should not only respect relevant provisions CR...