AIM Within the context of minimally invasive dentistry this article describes the sonic and ultrasonic cavity preparation techniques and assesses their advantages and disadvantages, clinical difficulties of their use, and offers a statement about these devices. BACKGROUND Ultra-conservative Class 2 restorative techniques require the use of devices such as sonic and the new ultrasonic preparat...

Biofilm and calculus removal are very important components of periodontal therapy, and a variety of instruments may be used for debridement purposes. In recent years, the application range of sonic and ultra sonic scalers in such debridement procedures has been extended to the subgingival area as slim instrument tips allowing good access to the root surfaces have been developed. Treatment using...

The musical use of low and ultra-low frequencies is closely related to the twentieth-century development of electronic and digital media. In historical respect, this development continues the steady exploration of the lower ranges of musically significant sound which started with the rise of polyphony. This paper focuses on the consequences this sonic expansion has for the aesthetics of music. ...