With the rapidly increasing incidence of bladder cancer in China and worldwide, great efforts have been made to understand detailed mechanism tumorigenesis. Recently, introduction immune checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy has changed treatment strategy for cancer, especially advanced improved survival patients. The ubiquitin–proteasome system, which affects many biological processes, play...

Four decades of proteasome research have yielded extensive information on ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. The archetype proteasomes is a 20S barrel-shaped complex that does not rely ubiquitin as degradation signal but can degrade substrates with considerable unstructured stretch. Since roughly half all in most eukaryotic cells are free complexes, ubiquitin-independent protein may coexist by th...

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play important roles in many physiological functions and numerous diseases. In addition to the classic ligand-stimulated receptor activity, an increasing number of studies have established that GPCRs function constitutively a dose-dependent manner. Previous observations showed following gene transfection, little or no protein was detectable for certain (desig...

Glioblastoma multiform is a primary brain tumor derived from glial cells. The aim of this study to investigate how glutamate metabolism regulated by transporter 1 (GLT-1) degradation pathway in glioblastoma and cell lines. protein expression levels GLT-1, total ubiquitin, kinase C (PKC) proteins involved the GLT-1 were measured western blot technique. Additionally, cells, level accumulated medi...

Since its discovery in 1981, ubiquitin-activating enzyme 1 was thought to be the only E1-type enzyme responsible for ubiquitin activation. Recently, a relatively uncharacterized E1 enzyme, designated ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 6, was also shown to activate ubiquitin. Ubiquitin-activating enzyme 1 and ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 6 are both essential proteins, and eac...

Ubiquitin plays essential roles in various cellular processes; therefore, it is of keen interest to study the structure-function relationship of ubiquitin itself. We investigated the modification of Lys(6) of ubiquitin and its physiological consequences. Mass spectrometry-based peptide mapping and N-terminal sequencing demonstrated that, of the 7 Lys residues in ubiquitin, Lys(6) was the most r...

Ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8), a member of the ubiquitin-specific (USP) family, was originally identified as playing role in regulation growth and cell cycle. However, its functional myogenesis is unknown. In this study, we investigated USP8 proliferation differentiation sheep skeletal muscle satellite cells. The results showed that expression level significantly increased on days 2 3 fo...

Eukaryotic cells perform a range of complex processes, some essential for life, others specific to cell type, all which are governed by post-translational modifications proteins. Among the repertoire dynamic protein modifications, ubiquitination is arguably most arcane and profound due its complexity. Ubiquitin conjugation consists three main steps, last involves multitude target-specific ubiqu...

Ubiquitin chains linked via lysine 48 (K48) of ubiquitin mediate recognition of ubiquitinated proteins by the proteasome. However, the mechanisms underlying polymerization of this targeting signal on a substrate are unknown. Here we dissect this process using the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Sic1 and its ubiquitination by the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase SCF(Cdc4) and the ubiquitin-conjuga...