Water is one of the most important elements involved in the creation and development of healthy life. Haphazard disposal of untreated wastewater from households as well as institutions and industry is causing severe deterioration of water bodies in many urban areas in the developing world. There are several methods to treat the municipal wastewater for intended use. One of the methods of the tr...

Harper (1977) has recently stressed the significance of the modular construction of plants. Plants respond to density not so much by changing the proportions of their parts, as by changing the number of basic modules of which they are composed. In the case of deciduous rhizomatous perennials, such as Typha orientalis, the basic module can be defined as a single above-ground shoot and its associ...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cables composed of long, non-lignified fibre cells enclosed in a cover of much shorter thin-walled, crystal-containing cells traverse the air chambers (lacunae) in leaves of the taller species of Typha. The non-lignified fibre cables are anchored in diaphragms composed of stellate cells of aerenchyma tissue that segment the long air chambers into smaller compartments. Althou...

The ecological impacts of invasive plants increase dramatically with time since invasion. Targeting young populations for treatment is therefore an economically and ecologically effective management approach, especially when linked to post-treatment monitoring to evaluate the efficacy of management. However, collecting detailed field-based post-treatment data is prohibitively expensive, typical...

The distribution and abundance of mosquito larvae in a freshwater marsh were determined during a low water period in the late summer. Culex tarsalis larval abundance was significantly associated with the percent cover by Typha spp. root masses and Typha spp. stem density in 1-m2 quadrants. Larval mosquito abundance was not significantly related to bulrush (Scirpus californicus) stem density, po...

Agricultural pesticide use is necessary to help meet the increased demand for a safe and secure food supply for the United States, as well as the global community. Even with proper application and careful management, the possibility of pesticide leaching and detachment in runoff still exists following certain storm events. Several different management practices have been designed to reduce the ...