BACKGROUND The origin of extraordinarily rich biodiversity in tropical forests is often attributed to evolution under stable climatic conditions over a long period or to climatic fluctuations during the recent Quaternary period. Here, we test these two hypotheses using Dracaena cambodiana, a plant species distributed in paleotropical forests. METHODS WE ANALYZED NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE DATA OF TW...

SNPs from nrDNA and trnC-trnD cp DNA for the Caribbean junipers have provided additional insight into the evolution of this group of smooth leaf margined junipers. Comparing leaf terpenoids, RAPDS and SNPs from nrDNA and trnC-trnD cp DNA show that each data set reveals different facets of the relationships. In general, the data sets support four major groups: Juniperus barbadensis lucayana; J. ...

Recently, social media marketing has become an effective tool for restaurants to gain visibility, increase customer engagement, and boost sales. Through activities (SMMAs) including customization (CUST), entertainment (ENTR), trendiness (TRND), interaction (INTR), can connect with their customers in a dynamic way that may affect satisfaction purchasing behavioral intention. Hence, this study pr...

Transcription from modified chloroplast genes has been studied in vitro, but only with the recently developed ability to stably introduce foreign DNA into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast chromosomes in situ has it become possible to do so in vivo. Cloned chloroplast DNA sequences, into which had been inserted chimeric genes composed of the GUS coding sequence reporter under transcriptiona...

In Chlamydomonas chloroplasts, atpB pre-mRNA matures through a two-step process. Initially, endonuclease cleavage occurs 8-10 nt downstream of the mature 3' end, which itself lies at the end of a stem-loop-forming inverted repeat (IR) sequence. This intermediate product is then trimmed by a 3' -->5' exonuclease activity. Although the initial endonucleolytic cleavage by definition generates two ...

Clones including tRNA genes from tomato {Lycopersicon esculentum) chloroplast DNA have been obtained. Here we report the nucleotide sequence of tmH\ trnD-^ and tmL\ Sequences were determined by the dideoxy method (1). In higher plant chloroplast genomes, tmY and trnD are clustered together with trnE in the large single copy (LSQ region (2). The sequence of trnY reveals 100% identity with its co...

Stigmatella aurantiaca displays a complex developmental life cycle in response to starvation conditions that results in the formation of tree-like fruiting bodies capable of producing spores. The phage Mx8, first isolated from the close relative Myxococcus xanthus, is unable to infect S. aurantiaca cells and integrate into the genome. However, plasmids containing Mx8 fragments encoding the inte...

We examine patterns of variation in 12 continuous morphological traits, chloroplast DNA sequences from 10 intergenic spacer regions (petA-psbJ, psbk-trnS, psbM-trnD, rpob-trnC, trnC-trnD, trnGCUtrnG2S, trnFM-trnUGA, atpF-atpH, trnT-trnD, trnQ-psbk), atpF, and rpl16, and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) genetic markers in Sclerocactus glaucus sensu lato (5S. brevispinus, S. glaucus,...

This paper introduced a novel railway system, Automatic Train Protection and Block (ATPB) briefly, which is proposed to improve the efficiency of existing regional train lines with low cost in Japan. The biggest superiority of ATPB system is a great use of universal and mature technologies, such as GPS and regular mobile telephone networks, so that there is nearly no increment of trackside equi...

ATP is known to increase the activity of the type-1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R1). This effect is attributed to the binding of ATP to glycine rich Walker A-type motifs present in the regulatory domain of the receptor. Only two such motifs are present in neuronal S2+ splice variant of InsP3R1 and are designated the ATPA and ATPB sites. The ATPA site is unique to InsP3R1, and th...