Many specialist herbivores eat foods that are apparently low quality. The compensatory benefits of a poor diet may include protection from natural enemies. Several bee lineages specialize on pollen of the plant family Asteraceae, which is known to be a poor-quality food. Here we tested the hypothesis that specialization on Asteraceae pollen protects bees from parasitism. We compared rates of br...

Parametric representation of fuzzy numbers (PFN) with derived methods for performing fuzzy arithmetic proves to have better accuracy and similar computational speed to using triangular fuzzy numbers (TFN). These fuzzy numbers (PFN) can be considered a special case of triangular fuzzy numbers (TFN) as they have three additional parameters and their methods for arithmetic operations are further s...

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Most species in the Leguminosae (legume family) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) via symbiotic bacteria (rhizobia) in root nodules. Here, the literature on legume-rhizobia symbioses in field soils was reviewed and genotypically characterised rhizobia related to the taxonomy of the legumes from which they were isolated. The Leguminosae was divided into three sub-families, the Caesalpinioideae, ...

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Conserved gene clusters in the scrambled plastomes of IRLC legumes (Fabaceae: 1 Trifolieae and Fabeae). 2 3 Saemundur Sveinsson, Quentin Cronk 4 5 Faculty of Land and Animal Resources, Agricultural University of Iceland, Keldnaholt, 112 6 Reykjavik, Iceland;Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of 7 British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, C...

The fuzzy regression control chart is a functional technique to evaluate the process in which the average has a trend and the data represents a linguistic or approximate value. In this study, the theoretical structure of the “α-level fuzzy midrange for α-cut fuzzy X ~ -regression control chart” is proposed for triangular (TFN) and trapezoidal (TrFN) membership functions. In addition, the real w...