Capabilities are a more scalable and adaptive access control approach compared with the conventional approaches such as ACLs, due to their being held and managed by users or agents in systems, but not the middleware. This feature makes capabilities more suitable in distributed environments that have dynamic populations. Treaties have been proposed to enhance the capability approach by introduci...

Double taxation treaties are intended to eliminate double taxation, thereby encouraging FDI, and prevent tax evasion, which previous literature argues will have a negative effect on FDI. Using a segmented data set and matching econometrics, I show that double taxation treaties have no effect on FDI from developed to less developed countries and substantiate why: Developed countries unilaterally...

If the threshold that triggers climate catastrophe is known with certainty, and the benefits of avoiding catastrophe are high relative to the costs, treaties can easily coordinate countries’ behavior so as to avoid the threshold. Where the net benefits of avoiding catastrophe are lower, treaties typically fail to help countries cooperate to avoid catastrophe, sustaining only modest cuts in emis...

Conventional approaches to access-control, such as ACLs, do not scale well enough for distributed systems. Capabilities on the other hand offer scalability and adaptability advantages in large-scale distributed environments due to their being held and managed by the system’s users/agents rather than by the middleware. However the structure of capabilities is only able to provide simple sequence...

Public health instruments have been under constant development and renewal for decades. International legal instruments, with their binding character and strength, have a special place in this development. The start of the 21st century saw, in particular, the birth of the first World Health Organization (WHO)-era health treaties - the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and i...

Prospective studies of the potential health consequences of trade and investment treaties, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, are critical. These studies can make visible to trade policy-makers the potential negative impacts associated to such treaties and can influence the outcomes of such negotiations. However, few researchers have examined retrospectively the consequences of trade agreem...

Tax treaties are often viewed as a mechanism for eliminating tax competition, however this approach ignores the need for bargaining over the treaty’s terms. This paper focuses on how bargaining can affect the withholding taxes set under the treaty. In a simple framework, we develop hypotheses about patterns in treaty tax rates. A key determinant for these patterns is the relative size of bilate...

AIB Insights 3 The rules of The game for international business (IB) are increasingly set in bilateral and multilateral treaties between nation states. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, this regulatory framework has evolved to facilitate international business, and thus to enable economic globalization. Yet, many treaties have been controversial as citizens do not appreciate their...