abstract in this paper, markov chain and dynamic programming were used to represent a suitable pattern for tax relief and tax evasion decrease based on tax earnings in iran from 2005 to 2009. results, by applying this model, showed that tax evasion were 6714 billion rials**. with 4% relief to tax payers and by calculating present value of the received tax, it was reduced to 3108 billion rials. ...

Brexit, the withdrawal of United Kingdom from European Union, has offered UK government a unique opportunity to fundamentally reform agricultural policy. In England, new policy—called Environmental Land Management—will reward farmers for activities that produce environmental public goods, such as clean air and water thriving wildlife, prevent hazards. It could lead biggest changes in land manag...

The period immediately prior to and following calving, is associated with extensive biological and logistical adaptations. During this time frame, cows and heifers must adjust to the physical and biological transition from pregnancy to lactation as well as environmental changes such as new rations (ingredient and energy density alterations) and pen relocation. In addition, cows in this transiti...