in a general classification, the economy of any country is divided into two parts of official and invisible economies. invisible activities drop outside the scope of the law and official economy and strongly affect socioeconomic development and the formal sector of all countries.these activities which are known under various titles including the shadow economy are influenced by various factors....

I investigate changes in the structure of trade of seventeen transition economies between 1996 and 2006, focusing on differences across three types of products – homogeneous goods, reference priced goods, and differentiated products. I examine shares of exports of each type of good, intensive and extensive margins, and the hazard of exporting. While there are cross-country differences in the di...

This paper (a) provides a methodological taxonomy of pricing, financing, reimbursement, and cost containment methodologies for pharmaceuticals; (b) analyzes complex agency relationships and the health versus industrial policy tradeoff; (c) pinpoints financing measures to balance safety and effectiveness of medicines and their affordability by publicly funded systems in transition; and (d) highl...

Over the past few years, many commentators have suggested that the Internet is one of the forces driving globalization. This paper tries to assess one aspect of these claims, looking at whether Internet access appears to affect the export performance of enterprises in lowand middle-income economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The papers finds that even after controlling for self-selecti...