The history of laparoscopic surgery began with man’s attempts to inspect concealed areas of the body. Early endoscopy from Bozzini’s “lichtleiter” in 1805 to the development of modern cystoscopy by Nitze in the late 1800s helped develop the optical tools required for laparoscopy. The early 1900s saw the birth of laparoscopy with Kelling, a surgeon from Dresden, describing the technique of celio...

rangelands renewable resources play a very important role in ecosystem regulating, preserving plant genetic reservoirs, water cycle as well as providing large parts of forage requirements. these resources were considered to be a basis for sustainable development and also a basic platform for various economic activities. during the recent years in iran, these valuable sources were subjected to s...

introduction: implementation of training programs can help an organization to supply the required specialist manpower and to solve personnel productivity problems. therefore, the implementation of training programs will increase the effectiveness and productivity of personnel services in an organization. to better implement and improve the quality of training programs some necessary conditions ...

constant breastfeeding that depends on the family support. fathers' involvement is as an important factor of successful breastfeeding. the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fathers' participation in constant breastfeeding in vali-e-asr hospital, tehran, iran. this interventional study was piloted on spouses of pregnant women participating in pregnancy courses. the case group co...

introduction: due to the use of information technology in libraries and information centers, librarians are faced with many challenges in terms of their roles and needs; hence, they require continuous training to cope with these challenges. the aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of in-service training courses for librarians working in libraries at the isfahan university...

BACKGROUND Malaria is still one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. The disease also is a public health problem in south and southeast of Iran. This study programmed to show the correlation between regular malaria microscopy training and refresher training courses and control of malaria in Iran. METHODS Three types of training courses were conducted in this programme inclu...

extended abstract 1. introduction in our country, rural women have a great role in agricultural activities in most of the regions. today, in national and international development programs, a special place is given to half of society i.e. women. training as key pillars of development of nations is considered as the key activity in the development of rural women (half of the population). in this...

study in service training effectiveness in nurses group of imam reza hospital     zarparvar s [1] *,hassani m [2] , kabiri a [3] , sameri m [4]     received: 20 jun , 2013 accepted: 14 aug , 2013    abstract  background & aims : organizations, public and professional life much dependent on the skills and knowledge of their workforce. due to the advances in modern technology, and the unprecedent...