Pakistan’s economic ties with Turkey have improved in the past few years. A recently stated pledge to create a free trade agreement between Pakistan and Turkey is likely to trigger a further expansion of economic integration. This paper starts by reviewing trends in Pakistan’s bilateral trade with Turkey since 1996. Next, it estimates an augmented gravity model aiming to project Pakistan’s trad...

This paper estimates the impact of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement on the trade flows between China and the ASEAN countries. A gravity model with FTA specification is used to estimate the treatment effect of ACFTA. Since there are other unobserved variables that correlate with both the trade flows between China–ASEAN and the decision to form ACFTA, a cross-sectional OLS regression runs the...

This research assesses the effects of mycotoxins regulations on international trade flows. Mycotoxins regulations reflected in the mandatory maximum residue limits impose costs on the producers that could take the form of both variable and fixed costs. Little empirical research exists on the effects of food safety regulations on international trade flows. The same holds true for the assessment ...

Globalization is integration of national economies in global economy and infers on increasing the flow of goods and services. In this study the consequences of globalization were studied through the analysis of Level of International Trade index (LIT) in the caviar export equation. The required data were gathered from Statistical Yearbook of Foreign Trade, Statistical Yearbook of fisheries, Sta...

We consider the estimation of the usual Gravity model of trade, which involves flows of trade, say exports, from country i to country j in time period t. We suggest an easy-to-impliment generalised method of moments estimator that avoids the issues associated with the usual fixed effects treatment of the unobserved heterogeneity in this type of models and at the same time provides consistent pa...

This paper investigates whether the gravity model (GM) can explain the statistical properties of the International Trade Network (ITN). We fit data on international-trade flows with a GM specification using alternative fitting techniques and we employ GM estimates to build a weighted predicted ITN, whose topological properties are compared to observed ones. Furthermore, we propose an estimation...

Alonso (1978) and Bikker (1982) independently introducé the Three Component (3-C) model. This is a model to explain and predict flows between origins and destinations. It generalizes many existing models, such as the gravity model. This generality is attained through so-called "systemic variables". Unfortunately, the interpretation of these variables, and hence that of the 3-C model, have remai...

Missing trade is defined as the exports and imports that may have taken place between two potential trading partners, but which are unknown to the researcher because neither partner reported them to the United Nation’s COMTRADE, the official global repository of trade statistics. In a comprehensive sample of African countries, over 40% of the potential trade flows fit this definition. For a con...

During the last decades, international trade flows especially of the industrialized countries allegedly became more and more intra-industry. At the same time, employment perspectives particularly of the low-skilled by tendency deteriorated in these countries. This phenomenon is often traced back to the fact that intra-industry trade, which should theoretically involve low labor market adjustmen...

We analyze the anonymous communication patterns of 2.5 million customers of a Belgian mobile phone operator. Grouping customers by billing address, we build a social network of cities that consists of communications between 571 cities in Belgium. We show that inter-city communication intensity is characterized by a gravity model: the communication intensity between two cities is proportional to...