BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes a high burden of disease in high-resource healthcare systems, with significant morbidity, mortality, and financial implications. CDI is a healthcare-associated infection for which the primary risk factor is antibiotic usage, and it is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhoea in HIV-infected patients in the United States. Little is known ab...

Aspergillus flavus is a very important toxigenic fungus that produces aflatoxins, a group of extremely toxic substances to man and animals. Toxigenic fungi can grow in feed crops, such as maize, peanuts, and soybeans, being thus of high concern for public health. There are toxigenic and non-toxigenic A. flavus variants, but the necessary conditions for expressing the toxigenic potential are not...

37 INTRODUCTION Vibrio bacteria naturally occur in marine environments worldwide and are not the result of pollution. At least 12 species are human pathogens. Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae is probably the most well known specie worldwide, because it is endemic in regions with poor sanitation and inadequate treatment of sewage and drinking water. It can cause an acute epidemic infection known as cho...

Citation: Zhang S-F, Zhang Y, Lin L and Wang D-Z (2018) iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of a Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and Its Non-toxigenic Mutant Exposed to a Cell Cycle Inhibitor Colchicine. Front. Microbiol. 9:650. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00650 iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of a Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and Its Non-toxigen...

Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus is a primary producer of aflatoxin in Indonesia, and its presence can lead to the contamination agricultural commodities. This poses risk export-targeted commodities, potentially resulting their rejection. Therefore, this study aims characterize molecular profile nativeA. isolated from several Indonesian products, with major focus on toxigenicity toxin production. A...

Abstract. Detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 in aquatic environment is difficult to achieve using the culture method. For direct detection of viable toxigenic V. cholerae in aquatic environment, we developed a triplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, targeting genes for the outer membrane protein (ompW), cholera toxin A (ctxA) and toxin-coregulated pilli (tcpA) and compared the assay...

In this study, the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was investigated in toxigenic and non-toxigenic Aspergillus flavus with respect to expression of aflR, veA and laeA genes that are involved to toxins production. A. flavus strains were cultured in YES broth at 28 °C for 4 days and the presence of (AFB1) and (CPA) was confirmed and measured by TLC and HPLC. The exp...

Yamagishi, Takayoshi (Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan), Shoichi Ishida, and Shoki Nishida. Isolation of toxigenic strains of Clostridium perfringens from soil. J. Bacteriol. 88:646-652. 1964-Strains of Clostridium perfringens were isolated from soil specimens heated at various temperatures for different lengths of time and were toxigenically examined. When higher temperatures were used, fe...

Vibrio cholerae is commonly found in estuarine water systems. Toxigenic O1 and O139 V. cholerae strains have caused cholera epidemics and pandemics, whereas the nontoxigenic strains within these serogroups only occasionally lead to disease. To understand the differences in the genome and clonality between the toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139, we employed ...