Toll-like receptors (TLR) provide a critical link between innate and adaptive immunity, both important players in atherosclerosis. Since evidence for the role of TLR5 is lacking, we aimed to establish this in the immune axis of atherosclerosis. We assessed the effect of the TLR5-specific ligand Flagellin on macrophage maturation and T-cell polarisation. Next, we generated TLR5-/-LDLr-/- chimera...

Flagellin is a highly effective adjuvant, but the cellular mechanism underlying this activity remains uncertain. More specifically, no consensus exists as to whether flagellin activates dendritic cells (DC) directly or indirectly. Intramuscular immunization with flagellin-OVA fusion protein resulted in enhanced in vivo T cell clustering in draining lymph nodes and IL-2 production by OVA-specifi...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the host defense against Aspergillus fumigatus infections, and some TLRs may even be exploited by the mould to escape immune mechanisms. We have previously shown that conidia from A. fumigatus increase expression of TLR5 in human monocytes. When further investigating a possible role of TLR5 in A. fumigatus infections, we observed a decrease in conidial...

Targeting TLR5 signaling in breast cancer represents a novel strategy in cancer immunotherapy. However, the underlying mechanism by which TLR5 signaling inhibits cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth has not been elucidated. In this study, we found TLR5 agonist flagellin inhibited the cell state of activation and induced autophagy, and reported that autophagy protein MAP1S regulated the fl...

Spontaneous preterm birth is often caused by chorioamnionitis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a role in the response of the innate immune system. The role of TLR5 in chorioamnionitis remains unclear: however, TLR5 was reported to have a significantly stronger effect on the induction of interleukin (IL)-6 when compared with other TLRs in amniotic epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to i...

TLR5-deficient mice have been reported to develop spontaneous intestinal inflammation and metabolic abnormalities. However, we report that TLR5-deficient mice from two different animal colonies display no evidence of basal inflammatory disease, metabolic abnormalities, or enhanced resistance to Salmonella infection. In contrast, the absence of TLR5 hindered the initial activation and clonal exp...

B. cereus possesses flagella which allow the organism to migrate within the eye during a blinding form of intraocular infection called endophthalmitis. Because flagella is a ligand for Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), we hypothesized that TLR5 contributed to endophthalmitis pathogenesis. Endophthalmitis was induced in C57BL/6J and TLR5-/- mice by injecting 100 CFU of B. cereus into the mid-vitreous...

Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) recognizes an evolutionarily conserved site on bacterial flagellin that is required for flagellar filament assembly and motility. The alpha and epsilon Proteobacteria, including the important human pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, and Bartonella bacilliformis, require flagellar motility to efficiently infect mammalian hosts. In this study, we demo...

Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with elevated adaptive immunity to commensal microbes, with flagellin being a dominant antigen. In light of heightened awareness of the importance of innate immunity in regulating adaptive immunity and ambiguity as to the role of CD-associated immune responses in CD pathophysiology, we sought to determine whether natural acquisition of immune responses to flag...

Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is an pattern recognition receptor expressed by several cells of the immune system that recognizes bacterial flagellin. We studied the influence of TLR5 in oral tongue squamous carcinoma and found that its expression levels predict patient survival and recurrence. Considering the role of microbiome in oral cancer, TLR5 may represent an important link between bacteria...