Exposure to air pollutants such as ozone (O(3)) induces airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are first-line effector molecules in innate immunity to infections and signal via adapter proteins, including myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88). We investigated the sensing of ozone by TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88. Ozone induced AHR in wild-type (WT) C57BL...

The aim of this study was to assess the role of TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 accessory molecule in the effector and secretory response of macrophages to viable microbial agents. Using TLR-deleted macrophage cell lines generated from the bone marrow of genetically engineered mice (TLR4 gene-deficient, MyD88- and TLR2-knockout mice) and wild-type control mice, we found that TLR2-deleted macrophages exhib...

objective(s): high mobility group box1 (hmgb1) is a nonhistone, dna-binding protein that serves a crucial role in regulating gene transcription and is involved in a variety of proinflammatory, extracellular activities. the aim of this study was to explore whether hmgb1 stimulation can up-regulate the expression of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) and toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) on macrophages from p...

BACKGROUND Lubricin/proteoglycan-4 (PRG4) is a mucinous glycoprotein secreted by synovial fibroblasts and superficial zone chondrocytes. PRG4 has a homeostatic multifaceted role in the joint. PRG4 intra-articular treatment retards progression of cartilage degeneration in pre-clinical posttraumatic osteoarthritis models. The objective of this study is to evaluate the binding of recombinant human...

Background and Aims: Several studies have shown that host genetic factors can be associated with the risk of developing Helicobacter pylori infections. Therefore, we evaluated the most prevalent toll-like receptors (TLRs) polymorphisms in Helicobacter pylori positive subjects and their possible role in susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infections. Materials and Methods: Using related keywo...

asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease is considered to be the most common chronic disease that is involving genetic and environmental factors. toll like receptors (tlrs) and other inflammatory mediators are important in modulation of inflammation. in this study, we evaluated the role of tlr2 arg753gln and tlr4 asp299gly polymorphisms in the asthma susceptibility, progress, control lev...

Background: Male infertility refers to the inability of a male to achieve a pregnancy in a fertile female. The root of many causes of infertility is miscommunication between immune and reproductive system. Male reproductive system is very sensitive and vulnerable, infections can hinder maturation and movement of spermatozoa lead to impaired fertility.All species need an immediate reply to the m...

MD-2 is associated with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on the cell surface and enables TLR4 to respond to LPS. We tested whether MD-2 enhances or enables the responses of both TLR2 and TLR4 to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and their components. TLR2 without MD-2 did not efficiently respond to highly purified LPS and LPS partial structures. MD-2 enabled TLR2 to respond to nonactivating p...