TLRs serve important immune and nonimmune functions in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Proinflammatory Th1 cytokines have been shown to promote TLR expression and function in IECs, but the effect of key Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) on TLR signaling in IECs has not been elucidated so far. We stimulated human model IECs with Th2 cytokines and examined TLR mRNA and protein expressio...

TLR ligands (TLR-Ls) represent novel vaccine adjuvants, but their immunologic effects in humans remain poorly defined in vivo. In the present study, we analyzed the innate responses stimulated by different TLR-Ls in rhesus macaques. MPL (TLR4-L), R-848 (TLR7/8-L), or cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (TLR9-L) induced a rapid and robust expansion of blood neutrophils, with a concom...

Sézary syndrome (SS) carries a poor prognosis, and infections represent the most frequent cause of death in SS patients. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune receptors that induce protective immune responses against infections. We sought to evaluate the ability of TLR agonists to induce inflammatory cytokine, Th2 cytokine, and type I interferon (IFN-I) production by peripher...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane proteins that are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. To protect the host from viral and bacterial threats, TLRs trigger a pro-inflammatory immune response by detecting pathogen and danger associated molecular patterns. Considerable evidence has accumulated to show that the dysregulation of TLR signaling contributes to...

The activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in dendritic cells (DCs) triggers a rapid inflammatory response to pathogens. However, this response must be tightly regulated because unrestrained TLR signaling generates a chronic inflammatory milieu that often leads to autoimmunity. We have found that the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases-Tyro3, Axl, and Mer-broadly inhibit both TLR and TLR-induced cy...

Results Mean age of study population was 8.08 ± 3.41 years. 75% of patients were in WHO clinical stage I and II, whereas 25% in stage III. 29% HIV children had severe immunosuppression. TLR-1 showed neutral expression in majority (96%) of HIV children. For TLR-7, 53.5% HIV children showed upregulation, whereas 32% and 14.5% showed downregulation and neutral expression, respectively. TLR-8 expre...