Iron occurs mainly as oxide ores, though it is also found in smaller quantities as its sulfide and carbonate. These other ores are usually first roasted to convert them into the oxide. On a world scale the most important ore is haematite (Fe2O3), but in New Zealand the starting materials are magnetite (Fe3O4) and titanomagnetite (Fe2TiO4). The oxides are reduced with carbon from coal, through t...

The Titanium (Ti) isotope compositions of felsic rocks are heavier than their mafic counterparts, and alkaline magmas develop Ti compared to other magma series during magmatic differentiation. Both observations interpreted reflect the preferential sequestration light isotopes in Fe-Ti oxides, such as rutile, ilmenite titanomagnetite. However, interpretations so far rely on whole rock studies co...

Thellier-type paleointensity experiments were conducted on welded ash matrix or pumice from the 1912 Novarupta (NV) and 1980 Mt. St. Helens (MSH) pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) with the intention of evaluating their suitability for geomagnetic paleointensity studies. PDCs are common worldwide, but can have complicated thermal and alteration histories. We attempt to address the role that em...

Although microwave heating has been used in the field of metallurgy since 1980s, there are few reports on using to strengthen Ti–Fe phase separation reduction process titanomagnetite. Microstructure by was found be beneficial titanomagnetite through investigation formation enthalpy and difficulties. The dielectric properties energy band structure Fe3O4, Fe2O3, TiO2 were determined, constant (ε′...

The nucleation and growth of crystals in igneous rocks is usually thought to occur under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. However, recent studies on textures mineral compositions have shown that these processes probably disequilibrium Titanomagnetite with variable crystal sizes can be observed Hannuoba alkaline basalt, indicating crystallization (different cooling rates). ratio the maximum...