introduction in several perspectives including geographical determinism, possibilism, exceptionalism, ecological and other views, it is discussed about understanding how human and the environment interact. human in dealing with different environments, depending on the capabilities of environment and existing tools and techniques, adopt themselves with the nature or interfere in it. karst landsc...

Between 2015 and 2019, the list of Lepidoptera from “cave” habitats (i.e., proper caves, rock shelters artificial subterranean structures) in Austria grew 17 to 62 species, although effort data collection remained nearly constant late 1970s onwards. The newly recorded moths butterflies were resting caves during daytime warm season, three species also overwintering there. We observed Catocala el...

The aim of this study was to unravel the relative role played by speleogenesis (i.e., the process in which a cave is formed), landscape-scale variables, and geophysical factors in the determination of species richness in caves. Biological inventories from 21 caves located in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula along with partial least square (PLS) regression analysis were used to assess the rela...

Rock art offers traces of our most remote past and was made with mineral organic substances in shelters, walls, or the ceilings caves. As it is notably fragile, fortunate that some instances remain intact—but a variety natural anthropogenic factors can lead to its disappearance. Therefore, as valuable cultural heritage, rock requires special conservation protection measures. Geomatic remote-sen...

The genus Physocyclus (Pholcidae) is widely distributed in North and Central America, with the exception of the Antilles (Platnick 2013). Physocyclus species are found in various environments, including xeric shrub zones and tropical deciduous forests. The genus is also common in caves and rock shelters, including deep caves with complete darkness (Valdéz-Mondragón 2008). Hitherto, 31 species o...

For thousands of years man had been taking refuge in the caves or under the trees to safe himself from the devastating effects of natural forces. For a long time the idea of making shelters like huts or rooms never struck his mind. Although building material like clay, stone boulder, or river pebbles, were lying all round him but, he even, accidentally, did not attempt to erect any kind of shel...