purpose: thoracic outlet syndrome is one of the most controversial topics in clinical medicine due to its difficult assessment and management. the appropriate treatment depends on accurate and comprehensive assessment. this study aimed to review the current assessments of these patients. methods: this study was conducted by review of the articles published between 1990 and 2014. search was cond...

objectives: the aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of conservative treatment in patients with and without cervical ribs and thoracic outlet syndrome (tos). from so many kinds of conservative treatment in literature, we used a multidisciplinary approach (correction of posture, maximizing muscle endurance and power, stretch shorten muscles, massage for trigger points and maximize th...

Middle aortic syndrome (MAS) is very uncommon vascular pathology characterized by a long segmental narrowing or obstruction of the abdominal and/or distal thoracic aorta, commonly involving with the visceral and renal arteries. This syndrome may be presented with various physical signs of coarctation of the aorta, including resistant hypertension, renal insufficiency and/or mesenteric ischemia....

blunt chest traumas mostly occur due to car accidents and can cause many cardiac complications such as septal rupture, free-wall rupture, coronary artery dissection or thrombosis, heart failure, arrhythmias, and chordae and papillary muscle rupture. one of the most serious complication is tricuspid regurgitation (tr), which can be simply diagnosed by physical examination and confirmed by echoca...

We report a case of insufficiency fracture of the sternum in a 70-year-old female patient with a review of the literature. She complained of sudden onset chest pain and aggravating dyspnea. She has been managed with corticosteroid due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 15 years. Diagnosis of sternal insufficiency fracture presented with thoracic kyphosis was made on the basis of absen...