Shoulder geometry of tool plays an important role in friction-stir welding because it controls thermal interactions and heat generation. This work is proposed and developed a coupled rigid-viscoplastic numerical modeling based on computational fluid dynamics and finite element calculations aiming to understand these interactions. Model solves mass conservation, momentum, and energy equations in...

• T ∼ 10−4 eV, t ∼ 1010 yr: today; baryons and the CMB are entirely decoupled, stars and galaxies have been around a long time, and clusters of galaxies (gravitationally bound systems of ∼ 1000s of galaxies) are becoming common. • T ∼ 10−3 eV, t ∼ 109 yr; the first stars and (small) galaxies begin to form. • T ∼ 10−1−2 eV, t ∼ millions of years: baryon drag ends; at earlier times, the baryons a...

At redshifts z2, most of the baryons reside in the smooth intergalactic medium which is responsible for the low column density Lyα forest. This photoheated gas follows a tight temperature-density relation which introduces a cut-off in the distribution of widths of the Lyα absorption lines (b-parameters) as a function of column density. We have measured this cut-off in a sample of nine high reso...

Thermal history and apatite fission-track ages were determined for the Kaleybar, Razgah and Bozqush alkaline intrusions which display Eocene-Oligocene stratigraphic age. These subduction-related intrusions are located in the Alborz-Azarbaijan magmatic belt which is characterized by a Paleogene magmatic flare-up associated with extensional/transtensional tectonism. The mean of Uranium content an...

1 University G. Marconi of Rome, Dermatology and Venereology, Rome 00192, Italy; 2 Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior, Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatologic Surgery; Onkoderma, Private Clinic for Dermatologic Surgery, Dermatology and Surgery, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria; 3 Krankenhaus Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dresden, Sachsen, Germany; 4 Univers...

The recent measurement by WMAP of a large electron scattering optical depth τe = 0.17 ± 0.04 is consistent with a simple model of reionization in which the intergalactic medium (IGM) is ionized at redshift z ∼ 15, and remains highly ionized thereafter. Here, we show that existing measurements of the IGM temperature from the Lyman-alpha (Lyα) forest at z ∼ 2 − 4 rule out this “vanilla” model. Un...

Introduction: In order to unravel the thermal history of the Martian meteorites Nakhla and Y000593 we applied several geo-thermometers including single and two pyroxene thermometry, the Fe, Ti-thermometer / oxybarometer and TEM microstructures. Application of the Fe,Ti-thermometer/oxyba-rometer: The presence of Fe,Ti-oxide phases enable the application of the Fe,Ti-thermometer /oxybaro-meter [1...