Abstract There is a widespread notion that archives, especially national archival institutions, represent the nation’s memory. Historically, archives have played an important role for history writing, thereby contributing to construction of master narratives and strengthening identities. What association between memory actually means however debated in literature. Taking discussion on relation ...

The Roman imperial monarchy is generally studied from the vantage point of ancient Roman history: the “Roman emperor” is viewed and analyzed as an element of the Roman world. This conventional approach fails to place this institution in a broader comparative context, that of monarchical rulers across world history. Systematic comparison opens up new perspectives and is indispensable in identify...

The program verification tool SLAyer uses abstractions during analysis and relies on a solver for reachability to refine spurious counterexamples. In this context, we extract a reachability benchmark suite and evaluate methods for encoding reachability properties with heaps using Horn clauses over linear arithmetic. The benchmarks are particularly challenging and we describe and evaluate pre-pr...

The antiquities of Jammu and Kashmir reveal that women might have enjoyed a high status as elsewhere in India. But ,there was a marked deterioration in the position of women. Female children were not much desired and their sufferings became endless with the beginning of inroads of Turko-Afghan tribes for whom carrying away of women formed the prized item of booty. This situation gave new dimens...

A lens is a bi-directional program. When read from left to right, it denotes an ordinary function. When read from right to left, it denotes an “update translator” that takes an input to this function together with an updated output and produces a new input reflecting the update. Several variants of the idea of lenses have been explored. But none of them deal fully with ordered data. If an updat...

The impact of the Mongol invasions of the Middle East has been the subject of extensive research, especially in the last few decades. Scholars have evaluated the damage and the benefits brought by the Mongols to the Islamic world in different fields such as the military, religion, politics, economy and culture. Despite this, in the case of Anatolia, the Mongol period is still under-studied when...

Letters from Silas Burroughs to his junior partner Henry Wellcome and other business associates have recently come to light Written during his travels (1880-1882) soon after the establishment of their pharmaceutical company, the letters show how this energetic, resourceful and imaginative salesman developed and expanded the business overseas and tackled the problems of preservation, packaging a...