In Turkey, there are a few carved inscriptions (tombstones, building and commemorative inscriptions) belonging to the Qaramanids in provinces of Antalya, Larende, Ermenak, Konya, Laranda, Niğde, Aksaray. Most these were published between 1911 1912 by Turkish scholar Halil Edhem Eldem (1861-1938), who was director Museum Antiquities Istanbul 1910. addition them, late historian Mükrimin Yinanç (1...

since the advent of islam in central asia, several types of empires ruled on the region; the arabs empire (umayyads and abbasids), the ghaznavid, the seljuks, the mongols, the tatars, and the russians. the abbasids actual power did not last more than a century and a half and gradually independent states emerged at the eastern parts of the empire. the role of caliphate system was then limited an...

the victory of tugrul in dandanghan (431 hq/1073 ad) heralded the rule of seljuks in persia. the pinnacle of this period could be said to have been the ten years reign of alp arsalan (455-65/1063-73) and twenty years reign of his son malekshah (465-85/1063-73). these thirty years of continuous rule by father and son coincided with the chancellorship of khajeh nizam al-mulk, a wise counselor to ...

lamei gorgani was a famous poet who lived in 5th century ah during the reign of great seljuks. since he belongs to the period of cultural transition from the ghaznavids to the seljuks, he can be considered as an important notable poet, and because the volume of court and official poetry in early seljuk period (the period of tughril, alp arsalan and malik shah) was less than the periods before a...

III. Haçlı Seferi, Selâhaddin Eyyûbî’nin 1187 yılında Kudüs Krallığı Ordusu’nu Hıttin Savaşı’nda (4 Temmuz) mağlup edip Kudüs’ü fethi (2 Ekim) ardından başlamış ve Ortaçağ kaynaklarına göre 1189-1192 yılları arasında devam etmiştir. Bu, güzergâhında Anadolu Yarımadası’nın yer aldığı üçüncü seferdir. Sefer sırasında yarımadadan geçen birliklere Kutsal-Roma Germen İmparatoru Friedrich Barbarossa ...