Directly influenced by Colin Rowe’s essay “Mathematics of the Ideal Villa” (1947) and Warburgian art historical tradition, John Hejduk’s nine-square grid studio exercise had an ambiguous relation to instrumentality architectural history. When was copied in many architecture schools around world as a first-year project, initiating novice student realm composition, pedagogical interpretation its ...

What are the attributes, characteristics, and tell-tale signs of successful teams, teamwork, and projects? This is an age-old question that dates back to the beginning of time and the formation of human civilization itself. Roman infantry tactics were infamous for their well-balanced blend of flexibility and structure. However, they were often helpless at the hands of faster-moving Persian arch...

a bstract   background: there are a few studies about commissioning mothers’ understanding from the surrogacy during 9 months of waiting for delivery in iran and other countries. this study was conducted with an aim to explore and explain the nature of concerns (experiences) of commissioning mothers. materials and methods:  a qualitative design with a conventional content analysis approach was ...