Each of the three Th2 cytokine genes, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, has different functions. We hypothesized that Th2 heterogeneity could yield Th2 subpopulations with different cytokine expression and effector functions. Using multiple approaches, we demonstrate that human Th2 cells are composed of two major subpopulations: a minority IL-5(+) (IL-5(+), IL-4(+), IL-13(+)) and majority IL-5(-) Th2 (IL-...

The role of CD28/B7 and LFA-1/ICAM costimulation in proliferation and Th1/Th2 differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells was addressed using T cells from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice stimulated by dendritic cells. The blockade of either CD28/B7 or LFA-1/ICAM interactions partially inhibited T cell proliferation. By comparison, blocking CD28/B7 costimulation inhibited IL-4 and IL-5 (Th2 cytokine) prod...

Background: A licensed vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) has not become available to date. The stability and antigenicity of a targeted synthesized recombinant fusion protein consisting of a truncated core and NS3 (rC/N) of HCV had been predicted. Although safe antigens, recombinant proteins are not efficacious vaccines without adjuvants. The present study evaluated the immunogenicity of ...

background t-helper (th) lymphocyte cytokine production may be important in the immune pathogenesis of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections. th1 cytokines such as; interleukin- 2 (il-2), and interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) are necessary for host antiviral immune responses, while th2 cytokines (il-4, il-10) can inhibit the development of these effector mechanisms. objectives the aim of the present st...

gamma irradiation is routinely used for suppression of lymphocyte function in transfusion and transplantation procedures. in recent years, some investigators focused on the effects of ionizing radiation on special aspects of lymphocyte function and considered the possibility of its clinical application for treatment of some immunological disorders. in this study, we evaluated the effects of fiv...

Background: Patient immune status might be indicative of the variance in bacterial genetics in drug-resistant tuberculous pleuritis and could be used for predicting the risk of multi-drug resistant tuberculous pleuritis (MDR-TB). Objective: To determine the significance of Th2/Th1 ratio and concentration of PD-L1 in the pleural effusions for prediction of MDR-T...

Functionally polarized CD4+ T helper (Th) cells such as Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells are central to the regulation of acquired immunity. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the maintenance of the polarized functions of Th cells remain unclear. GATA3, a master regulator of Th2 cell differentiation, initiates the expressions of Th2 cytokine genes and other Th2-specific genes. GATA3 also plays ...

background: although many experimental studies provide convincing evidence that type ii immunity is protective against helminths, recent data in mice demonstrate that th1 is also impor-tant in some cestodes like hymenolepis nana. objective: to identify the role of th1 and th2 lymphocytes in immunity against h. nana, the levels of il-12, ifnγ, il-5, and il-13 were de-termined in serum of humans ...

background: generation of an effective dendritic cell (dc) based cancer vaccine depends on appropriate differentiation of monocytes in vitro. objective: to compare the effects of monocyte separation methods, flask adherence (flask-dc) and magnetic activated cell sorting (macs-dc), on phenotypic and functional characteristics of resultant dcs. methods: dcs from healthy volunteers were generated ...