We study the question of what di€erence it makes for the derived ®eld-aligned conductance (K) values if one uses Maxwellian or kappa distributions for the ®tting of low-orbiting satellite electron ̄ux spectra in the auroral region. This question has arisen because sometimes a high-energy tail is seen in the spectra. In principle, the kappa ®ts should always be better, because the kappa distribu...

Pakistan introduced the Tenure Track System (TTS) as a new performance-based reform in public universities 2005. The purpose of this study is to understand experiences higher education authorities, university leaders and tenure-track faculty about implementation reform. This qualitative interpretive utilised nested case design, focusing on two cases—Science Faculty Social Sciences Humanities la...