The paper continues the exploration of standards that the authors initiated in [1] and continued in [2] and [3]. It provides an ontology for standards—a specification of the things and relationships relevant to the topic of standards. The ontology is presented using the ISO standard graphical language, EXPRESS-G. It uses concepts from mathematical logic to clarify the content, meaning, and use ...

-The small size and large numbers of insect specimens handled by entomological collections present special vouchering and information management problems. There is, at the same time, an increasing trend toward integration of the results of molecular and more traditional morphology-based systematic studies. As a result, entomological museums, journals, and systematists need to develop consistent...

Microbial communities play an important role in the whole life of planet earth. The fields metagenomics and metatranscriptomics have developed to reveal the taxo-nomic composition and functional diversity of heterogeneous microbial communities. With the development of new sequencing methods studies in those fields are accelerated. At the same time the new sequencing methods provide a challenge ...

There are two species of New World flying squirrels included in the genus Glaucomys: G. sabrinus, the northern flying squirrel, and G. volans, the southern flying squirrel. During a study of local rodents around Hanover, New Hampshire, several flying squirrels were caught and their chromosomes were analyzed. The occurrence, in this region, of both species allowed a comparative study of their re...

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is the most destructive disease of plants. Fifty-seven isolates of R. solanacearum causing wilt on different host plants viz., tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), brinjal (S. melongena), potato (S. tuberosum), bird of paradise (Strelitzia reginae), ginger (Zingiber officinale), chili (Capsicum annuum), capsicum (Capsicum annuum), davana (Artemisia pall...

American Journal of Botany 99(4): 730–750, 2012; http://www.amjbot.org/ © 2012 Botanical Society of America The last decade has seen a nearly exponential increase in the number of molecular phylogenies published at various taxonomic levels across the plant tree of life. Vast uncharted territory still remains, however, particularly for ferns. Ferns are sister to seed plants ( Pryer et al., 2001 ...

Bottled "still" waters may present bacterial and viral risks, particularly for compromised consumers and when stored for some length of time in opened containers. Therefore, bottling has to be supervised carefully and any sanitary deficiencies discovered, corrected immediately. When plants are thus controlled by a preventive system, bacteriological examination of samples will be warranted, wher...