Reconstructing the vortex wake of freely flying birds is challenging, but in the past few years, direct measurements of the wake circulation have become available for a number of species. Streamwise circulation has been measured at different positions along the span of the birds, but no measurements have been performed in the transverse plane. Recent findings from studies of bat wakes have poin...

A fixed-wing aircraft that is capable of low airspeed, high angle of attack flight can serve an expanded range of mission goals. A typical propeller-driven small unmanned aircraft can be equipped with an engine that provides greater thrust than airplane weight; in post-stall states, the aircraft then depends on propeller backwash over the tail for control moment generation. Due to this dependen...

Thermal (<1 eV) electron density measurements, derived from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution's (MAVEN) Langmuir Probe Waves (LPW) instrument, are analyzed to produce first statistical study of thermal population in Martian magnetotail. Coincident measurements local magnetic field used demonstrate that close Mars, is most likely be observed at a cylindrical distance ~1.1 radii (RM) cen...

The distribution of the conduction-band tail states in a Zn03Cd07Se II-VI semiconductor alloy has been determined experimentally using persistent photoconductivity (PPC) transient measurements, and is confirmed to be exponential. Our results show that the transport properties in II-VI semiconductor alloys are strongly influenced by tail states caused by alloy disorder. A class of transport prop...

The first experimental evidence of anisotropic electron energization during magnetic reconnection that favors a direction perpendicular to the guide magnetic field in a toroidal, magnetically confined plasma is reported in this Letter. Magnetic reconnection plays an important role in particle heating, energization, and transport in space and laboratory plasmas. In toroidal devices like the Madi...

PROMICS-3 is a plasma experiment flown in the Russian project Interball. It performs three-dimensional (3D) measurements of ions in the energy range 4 eV—70 keV with mass separation and of electrons in the energy range 12 eV—35 keV. The Interball project consists of two main satellites, the Tail Probe and the Auroral Probe, each with one subsatellite. The Interball Tail Probe was launched on 3 ...

The tail-flip escape behavior is a stereotypical motor pattern of decapod crustaceans in which swift adduction of the tail to the thorax causes the animal to rotate, move vertically into the water column and accelerate rapidly backwards. Previous predictions that a strong jet force is produced during the flip as the tail adducts to the body are not supported by our simultaneous measurements of ...

Measurements of second-stage juveniles of Heterodera schachtii from California and The Netherlands and a race of H. trifolii from The Netherlands were obtained and compared to determine if these populations can be differentiated by morphometrics. Juvenile lengths of 10 specimens from each of 10 cysts of each population were measured. Dimensions of tail regions of 20 juveniles from individual cy...