There is now compelling evidence that harm reduction approaches to HIV prevention among injecting drug users are effective, safe and cost-effective. The evidence of effectiveness is strongest for needle and syringe programs and opioid substitution treatment. There is no convincing evidence that needle and syringe programs increase injecting drug use. The low prevalence approximately 1%) of HIV ...

Outcome Number of studies Odds ratio Confidence interval (95% confidence level) Reduction in Needle Sharing 6 3.22 2.17-4.77 Needle and Syringe Programs (NSPs) are interventions that provide drug preparation and injection equipment to injection drug users to decrease equipment sharing, and consequently, HIV transmission risk. Drug equipment may include needles, syringes, and other ancillary mat...

The method described by Rosenau 1 for injecting precise amounts of fluids into animals is excellent. In the practical application of this method certain difficulties have however been encountered, which, it is believed, can be overcome by improvements in the syringe herein described. The time reqtfired for removing the bulb of and measuring the salt solution into the syringe to wash i t out, af...

Introduction: The dental syringe, since its introduction in 1921, has been very popular in operations performed under local anesthetics (LA). It can, however, be quite cumbersome to handle for people with petite hands. Therefore, the aim of this study is to introduce a technique of utilizing its sealed lignospan cartridges in a simpler way by using hypodermic syringe and needle to achieve effec...

OBJECTIVE In this work we set to develop and to validate a new in vivo frameless orthotopic Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) model based in the implantation of a guide-screw system. METHODS It consisted of a guide-screw also called bolt, a Hamilton syringe with a 26-gauge needle and an insulin-like 15-gauge needle. The guide screw is 2.6 mm in length and harbors a 0.5 mm central hole w...

To generate complete 3-D maps of extracellular ion current patterns around insect ovarioles without removing the sample and chamber from the recording equipment, it was necessary to design a chamber permitting complete rotation of the tissue. While suction pipets have been used in previous studies to orient the tissue (1), their use can significantly disturb extracellular ionic gradients if an ...

Although various devices have been designed to enable the syringe to be held single handed2l 3 4 we have found the "braced thumb method" as described by Webbl56 to be satisfactory. The lump to be aspirated is steadied between the thumb and forefinger of the left hand while a 20 ml syringe with a No. 18 guage (green) needle is held in the right hand. The needle is introduced into the lesion whil...

Background: Needle-syringe programs (NSP) have been running in Iran since 2002. However, the coverage of such program among the NSP clients at the individual level was not studies yet. This study aimed to determine the client coverage of NSP and its correlation with high injection-related risk behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Kermanshah province, Iran, in 2014. 230 ...

objectives: hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is a major public health problem worldwide with serious complications. according to the importance of intravenous drug use (idu) as the main risk factor for hcv infection and transmission and prison as the main source of risky behaviors, this study conducted to define hcv infection and related risk factors in prison inmates with history of idu in is...