Methods employed by Australian quarantine officers to control Aedes mosquitoes in containers were tested against all stages of Aedes aegypti. Saltwater emersion killed all larvae but not pupae or eggs that were briefly exposed. Swimming pool chlorine, methyl bromide fumigation, and permethrin (2% active ingredient) spray provided 100% mortality of eggs, larvae, and pupae. Aerosol sprays incorpo...

Pyrethrins are nowadays widely used for prevention and control of insects in leaf lettuce. However, there is a concern about the pesticide residue in leaf lettuce. A reliable analytical method for determination of pyrethrins (pyrethrin-and П, cinerin І and П, and jasmolin І and П) in leaf lettuce was developed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Recoveries of pyrethrins in le...

A new method for determination of pyrethroids, pyrethrins, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) was developed for aquatic sediments. The method detection limits for pyrethroids (15 compounds), pyrethrins, and PBO ranged from 0.16 to 1.50 ng/g sediment, which was suitable for detecting these chemicals at environmentally ...

IN T RODUC T ION Pyrethroids are synthetic compounds similar to natural pyrethrins. They are commonly used in both commercial agriculture and households as insecticides and insect repellents. Unlike other common classes of insecticides, such as organophosphates and carbamates that are acetylcholine esterase inhibitors or nicotinic acetycholine agonists, the pyrethroids act upon neuronal sodium ...

Synthetic pyrethroids are synthesized derivatives of naturally occurring pyrethrins, which are taken from pyrethrum, the resin extract of dried chrysanthemum flowers. They were introduced to provide a less hazardous and less persistent alternative to organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides. They are among the safest insecticides available on the basis of their low acute toxicity to mamm...

Field control failures with pirimiphos-methyl against the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), in Weslaco, Texas, USA, led us to investigate the susceptibility of this particular strain to pirimiphos-methyl, spinosad, pyrethrins synergized with piperonyl butoxide, and pirimiphos-methyl combined with synergized pyrethrins. In laboratory bioassays, 50 eggs of C cephalonica were exposed to u...

Pyrethroids are synthetic chemicals similar to pyrethrins in the pyrethrum extract which is obtained from Chrysanthemum plant. Historically, pyrethroids have been classified into two classes that differ in their chemical structure and symptoms of exposure: Type I pyrethroids include allethrin, tetramethrin, d-phenothrin, permethrin, and bioresmethrin. Type II pyrethroids include cypermethrin, c...

Four acaricides (amitraz, cyfluthrin, permethrin, and pyrethrins) were studied for their efficacy in the rapid killing of Amblyomma americanum, A. cajennense, and A. maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) and eight acaricides (amitraz, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, fipronil, permethrin, pyrethrins, and selamectin) for their efficacy in the rapid killing of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae)....

Synthetic Pyrethroids are synthetic analogs of naturally occurring pyrethrins, found in extract from Chrysanthemum flowers. They were launched as a replacement of highly toxic class of pesticides like DDT and Organophosphates in 1980s. Major success of pyrethroids lies in the low toxicity of them towards mammals as well as humans and due to which they have wide range of applications right from ...

Extractions of pyrethrins from ground pyrethrum flowers, using supercritical carbon dioxide as the solvent, were carried out in a semi-batch pilot plant (extraction volume: 200 ml). Extracts were very similar to those obtained by hexane Soxhlet extraction, except that the ratio of pyrethrins I to pyrethrins II was lower (1.58 instead of 1.79), and less pigments were present. At 40 8C, the amoun...