All electronic circuits generally use inductive elements, such as transformers, coils, or relays, and some applications, such as stepper motors, also have inductive loads. Unfortunately, the failure of switching devices in inductive circuits is a frequent problem and causes system failure. Switchingtransistor and MOSFET failure is common in motor drivers, switched-mode power supplies, and simil...

The path recovery in MPLS is the technique to reroute traffic around a failure or congestion in a LSP. Currently, there are two kinds of model for path recovery: rerouting and protection switching. The existing schemes based on rerouting model have the disadvantage of more difficulty in handling node failures or concurrent node faults. Similarly, the existing schemes based on protection switchi...

In a WDM network, a single component failure may lead to multiple failures in the logical topology. Protection switching schemes that adopt traditional edge-disjoint or node-disjoint path-selection algorithms may not be able to protect the active connections properly. In this paper, we generalize the disjoint path problem by providing a framework that can model arbitrary types of failures, so t...

In this paper, we investigate the protection design for survivable meshed WDM optical networks, and propose a novel heuristic algorithm, which is called segment shared protection (SSP), to completely protect the dual-link failures. For each connection request, first SSP computes a least-cost working path, second SSP divides the working path into several un-overlapped segment paths according to ...

Todays broadband ATM networks are much more sensitive to failures of network elements since even during a short disconnection a large amount of data can be lost. Diierent restoration mechanisms have been proposed for preserving network performance by routing the aaected traac streams over still intact network parts. However, the appropriate application of these mechanisms requires the provision...

This study investigates the impact of a channel selection and switching on satisfaction with government services. Specifically, using an archival dataset of telephone surveys administered by U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) with more than 2,700 respondents, we measure the effect of channel selection (online, in-person, or telephone) and switching (from online to another) on satisfactio...

This work is devoted to the research of new asymmetry effects in symmetric protective structures with triple modal reservation. We analyzed different cross-sectional locations reference conductor: center (unshielded structure), around (shielded at top and bottom (multilayer printed circuit board), form side polygons (double-sided board). First, a preliminary quasi-static simulation was performe...