analysis of non-laminar flows in coarse alluvial beds has a wide range of applications in various civil engineering, oil and gas, and geology problems. darcy equation is not valid to analyze transient and turbulent flows, so non-linear equations should be applied. non-linear equations are classified into power and binomial equations. binomial equation is more accurate in a wide range of velocit...

In this article, engineering surface application is introduced as a new concept. The basis of concept the understanding that different technologies are applied to design existing components, but, it necessary know would cover only part component, treatment be should also known. This because, surfaces with high index hardening due deformation, resistant severe adhesive wear, abrasion and picklin...