Abstract: Diamond disc pad conditioning is traditionally employed to restore pad planarity and surface roughness in chemical mechanical polishing (or planarisation) (CMP). In this paper, a conditioning density distribution model is developed to predict the pad surface shape resulted from the diamond disc conditioning in CMP. A kinematic study is carried out to calculate and simulate the diamond...

Oversizing of air conditioners is a common practice that reduces comfort and energy efficiency; the practice also results in higher first costs and exacerbates the effects of residential air conditioning on utility peak demand. At a subdivision in a hot dry climate (Redding, CA), a production homebuilder completed several houses at their standard practice equipment sizing of 155 to 185% of the ...

Final conditioning of 25mm thick dried E. camaldulensis lumber was carried out in small capacity batch drying kiln in laboratory, and the elastic (EL) strain and mechano-sorptive (MS) strain was analyzed by slicing method. Mean moisture content(MC) of boards increases 2.5-3.0%, while surface MC increases from 9.8% to 14.2% and center MC always keeps at 12.3% or so. Difference of each slice oven...

OBJECTIVE To determine streptococcal adhesion forces with composite resins with different surface roughness. METHODS Polishing and grinding were applied to obtain smooth (roughness 20 nm), moderately rough (150 nm) and rough (350 nm) surfaces of two orthodontic, light-cured composites. Adhesion forces between Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans and the composite surfaces were mea...

Many studies have shown relationships of substratum hydrophobicity, charge or roughness with bacterial adhesion, although bacterial adhesion is governed by interplay of different physico-chemical properties and multiple regression analysis would be more suitable to reveal mechanisms of bacterial adhesion. The formation of a conditioning film of organic compounds adsorbed from seawater affects t...

It is well established that pad conditioning facilitates polish rate stability in chemicalmechanical polishing (CMP) of interlayer dielectic (ILD) silicon dioxide films and that in the absence of conditioning, polish rates decay over time [Stein et al., Lawing]. ILD rate decay is also associated with changes in pad surface morphology [Lawing, Kojima et al.]. In [Lawing], it was found that the p...

Fear conditioning has been ascribed to presynaptic mechanisms, particularly presynaptic facilitation of transmission at thalamo- and cortico-amygdala synapses. Here, by labeling surface receptors with biotin or using membrane fractionation approaches, we report that fear conditioning resulted in an increase in surface expression of GluR1 subunit of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleprop...