Almost without exception, acquired language disorders resulting from focal brain injury are accompanied by impairments of verbal short-term memory (STM) and verbal learning. Moreover, disturbances in verbal STM are generally associated with language dysfunction, in some cases mild and not disruptive to most language activities. The co-occurrence of language and mnestic deficits in the aphasic p...

This paper proposes a model for the short-term memory (STM) of unique lists of known items, as, for instance, a phone number. We show that the ability to accurately store such lists in STM depends strongly on interaction with the preexisting long-term memory (LTM) for individual items (e.g., digits). We have examined this interaction in computer simulations of a network based on physiologically...

Reeves and Sperling (1986) have developed an experimental paradigm and a model to explain how attention switching influences the, storage oftemporal-order information in short-term memory (STM), or working memory. The present article suggests that attention switching influences initial storage of items in STM, but thai; competitive interactions among the STM representations of stored items cont...

Whether rehearsal has a causal role in verbal STM has been controversial in the literature. Recent theories of working memory emphasize a role of attentional resources, but leave unclear how they contribute to verbal STM. Two experiments (with 49 and 102 adult participants, respectively) followed up previous studies with children, aiming to clarify the contributions of attentional capacity and ...

DNA has been at the center of an imaging effort since the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). In some of the STM imaging reports the molecules appeared with negative contrast, i.e., "submerged" under the metal background and darker. We demonstrate the phenomenon of contrast inversion in DNA STM imaging by controlled and spontaneous contrast inversions and by the dependence of ...

The atomic arrangement of the technologically important As-rich GaAs 001 2 3 4 reconstructed surface is determined using bias-dependent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and first-principles electronic structure calculations. The STM images reveal the relative position and depth of the atomicscale features within the trenches between the top-layer As dimers, which are in agreement with the b2...

We present a simple one-dimensional model to find design criteria for a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) minimizing the response of the tip-sample distance to external mechanical disturbances. The underlying concept-achieving a response that is in phase and same amplitude-goes beyond the conventional approach to construct the STM as stiff as possible. It introduces optimization conditions re...

The designs of software transactional memory (STM) algorithms to date have been optimistic: transactions that run into inconsistencies abort and retry. The common view is that this optimistic approach gives significant performance benefits, and yet we know that it also results in complex programming, limitations on what can be executed within a transaction, and difficult debugging. This is a bu...

Podostemaceae (the river weeds) are ecologically and morphologically unusual angiosperms. The subfamily Tristichoideae has typical shoot apical meristems (SAMs) that produce leaves, but Podostemoideae is devoid of SAMs and new leaves arise below the base of older leaves. To reveal the genetic basis for the evolution of novel shoot organogenesis in Podostemaceae, we examined the expression patte...