In most modern manufacturing systems, products are often the output of some multistage processes. In these processes, the stages are dependent on each other, where the output quality of each stage depends also on the output quality of the previous stages. This property is called the cascade property. Although there are many studies in multistage process monitoring, there are fewer works on prof...

Learning about statistics is a lot like learning about science: the learning is more meaningful if you can actively explore. This series in Advances in Physiology Education provides an opportunity to do just that: we will investigate basic concepts in statistics using the free software package R. Because this series uses R solely as a vehicle with which to explore basic concepts in statistics, ...

In this case, macular hole was not observed preoperatively, as the preoperative OCT shows (except for a small subfoveal serous elevation), or intraoperatively. Although the exact timing of hole formation could not be established in this case, neither intraoperative tugging nor postoperative premacular fibrosis are likely to represent the mechanism for hole formation. Rather, pre-existing macula...