1. Despite the range of threats to springs and the number of spring-endemic species, studies of temporal changes in the fauna of springs have rarely been reported. Changes in the fish of 22 Oklahoma (USA) springs were compared among surveys in 1981, 1982, and 2001. 2. Twenty-year assemblage differences were correlated with physical alteration of specific springs and stocking of native fish, whi...

The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) underlies about one fifth of mainland Australia. Much of this area is arid or semiarid and often artesian water is the only reliable source of potable water, historically via springs. Prior to the 1870s, there were around 3,000 flowing springs ringing the GAB. The springs were a vital source of water for Aborigines as well as early explorers, workers and pastorali...

1.0 INTRODUCTION Active and fossil hot springs systems occur worldwide, and share many common characteristics that indicate similar genetic histories (White 1955; Waring 1965; Rhinehart 1980; White 1981; Bowen 1989). This research studies the occurrence and characteristics of hot springs at Steamboat Springs, Nevada using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data. Both highan...

A new, systematic approach to the synthesis of Cartesian sti®ness by springs is presented using screw (spatial vector) algebra. The space of solutions is fully characterized for all sti®nesses realizable by springs. The main result shows that a rank r sti®ness can always be synthesized by r springs. Further, it can also be synthesized by an arbitrarily large number of springs greater than r: Sy...

A new, systematic approach to the synthesis of sti®ness by springs is presented using screw (spatial vector) algebra. The space of solutions is fully characterized for all sti®nesses realizable by springs. The main result shows that a rank r sti®ness can always be synthesized by r springs. Further, a sti®ness can be synthesized by an arbitrarily large number of springs greater than r: Algorithm...