The present study constitutes a crucial step towards the development of a CAD based intelligent spray quetiching system capable of optimizing the mechanical properties (strength, hardness) of agehardenable aluminum alloys. The quenching of an L-shaped aluminum alloy with multiple, partially overlapping spray nozzles was successfully modeled using the finite element method. Spray heat transfer c...

A large eddy simulation (LES)/probability density function (PDF) method is proposed for modeling turbulent spray combustion. The PDF method has the advantage that the chemical source term appears closed but requires models for the small scale mixing process. The transport equation for the joint-scalar PDF is high dimensional and solved using a Lagrangian technique. A stable and consistent numer...

This paper presents a novel hybrid particle-grid method that tightly couples Lagrangian particle approach with Eulerian grid approach to simulate multi-scale diffuse materials varying from disperse droplets to dissipating spray and their natural mixture and transition, originated from a violent (high-speed) liquid stream. Despite the fact that Lagrangian particles are widely employed for repres...

Uniform, thickness-controllable and large-size mesoscopic TiO2 films based on commercial P25 nanoparticles are prepared by a spray method, which have been applied in the perovskite solar cells, achieving a high efficiency of 16%. This spray method shows promising application in the large-scale production of mesoscopic solar cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Chlorhexidine (CHX) spray has proven to be an easily applicable method for the chemical control of plaque in elderly and handicapped patients. A randomized double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled trial was undertaken to compare the effects of 0.2% CHX spray applied once or twice daily on the plaque and gingival indexes in 13 institutionalized elderly patients. METHOD The st...

Communication games are crucial tools for investigating the limitations of physical theories. The communication complexity (CC) problem is a typical example, which several distributed parties attempt to jointly calculate given function with limited classical communications. In this work, we present method construct CC problems from Bell tests in graph-theoretic way. Starting an experimental com...

OBJECTIVE Fear of pain during intrauterine device (IUD) insertion can be a barrier to widespread use of this safe and highly effective contraceptive method. Our objective was to determine the effectiveness of topical 10% lidocaine spray for pain control during IUD insertion. METHODS A total of 200 subjects with the request for IUD insertion were included in the study. The patients were random...

Tungsten oxide (WO₃) is prepared by a low-temperature ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method in air atmosphere, and it is used as an anode buffer layer (ABL) for organic solar cells (OSCs). The properties of the WO₃ transition metal oxide material as well as the mechanism of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis processes are investigated. The results show that the ultrasonic spray pyrolysized WO₃ ABL exhibits...

Current methods for nasal spray formulations have been elementary evaluating the dripping characteristics of a formulation and have not assessed the behavior of the nasal formulation in the presence of varying types of mucus depending on the indication or diseased state. This research investigated the effects of nasal mucus on the dripping behavior of nasal formulations and focused on developin...

BACKGROUND Bacterial contamination on touch surfaces results in increased risk of infection. In the last few decades, work has been done on the antimicrobial properties of copper and its alloys against a range of micro-organisms threatening public health in food processing, healthcare and air conditioning applications; however, an optimum copper method of surface deposition and mass structure h...