difference. The fact that only one spermatozoon is enough to achieve a pregnancy has delayed spermatology research in human. On the other hand, the high variability of human infertility cases may make it seem an unattractive investment whereas the opposite is the case: the papers presented here show that investment in the equipment, and the researchers, to correlate clinical data with the morph...

Thanks to the increasing use of flow cytometry in research in veterinary spermatology, many new membrane integrity assays have been developed over the past decade. These assays are important because of their superior ability to forecast fertility when compared with other tests, such as sperm motility. This major component of the sperm quality assessment has generated new investigations with the...

Current knowledge on avian spermiogenesis, including strengths and weaknesses, has been reviewed. Information on avian spermiogenesis considerably lags behind that in mammals because of the paucity of reports in birds. Spermiogenesis in passerine birds has received even much less attention than in non-passerine birds. Mechanisms underlying morphogenesis of the acrosome and nucleus, and roles of...

Microbiota is a cluster of physiological and pathogenic microorganisms found in many tissues organs living things, including such as bacteria, viruses, fungi. has important roles on system functions immune system, urinary digestive system. However, these can cause obstruction the genital tract, epididymitis orchitis, thus may lead to infertility. In addition, apathogenic viruses fungi have nega...

Sperm structure of four Systellognatha species, Dinocras cephalotes (Curtis, 1827) and Perla grandis (Rambur, 1841), family Perlidae, Siphonoperla torrentium (Pictet, 1841), family Chloroperlidae, and Isoperla grammatica (Poda, 1761), family Perlodidae, was investigated by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence microscopy. The spermatozoa of all ...