We consider the general problem of sensitive and specific discrimination between biochemical species. An important instance is immune discrimination between self and not-self, where it is also observed experimentally that ligands just below the discrimination threshold negatively impact response, a phenomenon called antagonism. We characterize mathematically the generic properties of such discr...

Adaptationism is a research strategy that seeks to identify adaptations and the specific selective forces that drove their evolution in past environments. Since the mid-1970s, paleontologist Stephen J. Gould and geneticist Richard Lewontin have been critical of adaptationism, especially as applied toward understanding human behavior and cognition. Perhaps the most prominent criticism they made ...

Steel reinforcements have been widely used in concrete work order to help improve its tensile resistance against applied loads. But steel is susceptible corrosion due water ingress through cracks, increased cost of purchase and dangers associated with maximizing profit greed. Rattan fiber also known be a suitable structural material both compression tension. Hence, this study examines the exten...

Multi-level shaking table tests were performed on a 1:3 reduced scale two-story reinforced concrete (RC) intermediate moment resisting frame (IMRF) conforming to the requirements given in ACI-318-19. The exterior joints lacked shear reinforcement assess viability of ACI model recommended for determining design strength beam–column joint panel. One horizontal components 1994 Northridge earthquak...

Computer simulations are challenging in terms of modeling the appropriate behavior brick masonry structures. These numerical becoming increasingly difficult due to several design code requirements considered for technical assessment structures rehabilitation. In Romania, many have withstood powerful earthquakes during their lifetime and require rehabilitation works. This paper aims further asse...