The National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) operates a Japanese space forecast center for the International Space Environment Service (ISES). Information on space weather is exchanged daily among the space weather forecast centers all over the world. Researches of space weather need data on large areas of space from the Sun to the Earth’s upper atmosphere. It is n...

This brief paper is written for GPS engineers or systems designers who need to know about space weather. Just as an architect might need to know about hurricanes or tornadoes, characterizing space weather enables designers to understand vulnerabilities in their designs, to create more robust designs, and to determine how best to avoid risk. Space weather is a somewhat arcane topic studied by a ...

An overview of historical and contemporary impacts of the solar and geospace environments on communications systems. Abstract In the last century and one-half, since the invention and deployment of the first electrical communication system – the electrical telegraph, the variety of communications technologies that can be affected by natural processes occurring on the Sun and in the space enviro...