This study aimed to investigate the orientation dependence effect and the role of visuospatial abilities in mental representations derived from spatial descriptions. The analysis focused on how the orientation effect and the involvement of visuospatial abilities change when survey and route descriptions are used, and the initial and main orientation of an imaginary tour. In Experiment 1, 48 par...

Hong Qian, Robert E. Ricklefs* and Peter S. White Research and Collections Center, Illinois State Museum, 1011 East Ash Street, Springfield, IL 62703, USA; and Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO 63121-4499 USA Department of Biology, University of North Ca...

We present new, low-frequency images of the powerful FR I radio galaxy Hydra A (3C 218). Images were made with the Very Large Array (VLA) at frequencies of 1415, 330, and 74 MHz, with resolutions on the order of 20. The morphology of the source is seen to be more complex and even larger than previously known, and extends nearly 8 (530 kpc) in a North-South direction. The southern lobe is bent t...

Snakebite is one of the most neglected public health issues in rural areas causing significant death and disability. Actual burden of snakebite remains elusive due to serious under-reporting. Majority of victims die even before reaching hospital [1,2]. South Asia is the most heavily affected region of the globe. The highest figures reported from Asia, so far, come from a community-based survey ...

A population-based survey of multiple sclerosis in the county of South Glamorgan has demonstrated a prevalence of 441/376718 (117/10(5)). Eighty six per cent of the patients (101/10(5)) had definite or probable disease and 14% (16/10(5)) had suspected multiple sclerosis on 1 January 1985. The estimated average incidence is 5.41/10(5)/year for the period 1947-84 and it has risen significantly ov...

Evidence is presented for systematic errors in memory for real and artificial maps, local environments, and visual forms. These errors are attributed to two heuristics that are derived from principles of perceptual organization. Maps of countries or localities are conceived of as figures in backgrounds. Remembering the absolute location of figures is difficult, and is facilitated by remembering...

The distribution of bluetongue viruses (BTV) in Australia is represented by two distinct and interconnected epidemiological systems (episystems)-one distributed primarily in the north and one in the east. The northern episystem is characterised by substantially greater antigenic diversity than the eastern episystem; yet the forces that act to limit the diversity present in the east remain uncle...

introduction dust storms, one type of dust event, are in most cases the result of turbulent winds, including convective haboobs, which raise large quantities of dust from desert surfaces and reduce visibility to less than 1 km. this dust reaches concentrations in excess of 6000 mg m3 in severe events. the major dust source regions are areas of arid and hyper-arid, with mean annual rainfalls of ...

background : chronic constipation is a common problem worldwide that negatively impacts quality of life. because of the effects of psychological and cultural factors on the function of the bowel tract and the vast variety of ethnicities and diet among the iranian people, the present study describes the occurrence of constipation and its associated factors in kerman, the largest city in southeas...