Thermal behavior of various solid feldspars are different, namely those of bivalent cations show no change in the distribution of Al and Si atoms, whereas feldspars of univalent cations become more disordered with raising temperature. In the latter case Al atoms migrate from the sites they occupe at low temperatures and interchange positions with the Si atoms. At high temperatures (but stil...

Six BiOX1-xYx (X, Y = F, Cl, Br, and I) solid solutions have been systematically investigated by density functional theory calculations. BiOCl1-xBrx, BiOBr1-xIx, and BiOCl1-xIx solid solutions have very small bowing parameters; as such, some of their properties increase almost linearly with increasing x. For BiOF1-xYx solid solutions, the bowing parameters are very large and it is extremely dif...

Pharmaceutical companies are manufacturers of both solid and liquid formulations. Solid formulations may be tablets, dry powers, confectionary and solid injectables; liquid formulations may be eye drops, ointments, I.V. and other parenteral solutions. Parenteral solutions are packed as large volume parenteral (LVP) solutions, small volume parenteral (SVP) solutions and dry powders requiring rec...

The study of nucleation and growth mechanisms of salts from aqueous solutions, as a function of supersaturation, is described using both macroscopic and microscopic experiments. In situ observations in a fluid cell in an atomic force microscope (AFM) reveal phenomena not accounted for in standard crystal-growth theories, specifically on the role of the crystal structure of the substrate in cont...