BACKGROUND In general, measurements of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation are related to horizontal surfaces. While the humans walking and standing outdoors expose to the natural solar UV radiation, their eyes, cheeks, extremities, trunks, or many other anatomical sites are close to vertical plane and random orient to different directions. In this study, we characterized the diurnal variations in...

Marathon runners spend considerable time in outdoor training for and participating in marathons. Outdoor runners may experience high solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. South Africa, where running is popular, experiences high ambient solar UVR levels that may be associated with adverse health effects. This feasibility study explores the use of personal dosimeters to determine solar UVR ...

BACKGROUND There is a positive association between solar UV exposure and micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and this association may be stronger when serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are insufficient (<50 nmol/L). Micronucleus formation can result from global hypomethylation of DNA repeat sequences. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the relationship between sola...

The mode of operation of mini parabolic solar panels made of germanium, mild steel and aluminium were investigated experimentally, as means of providing heated water on a farmland; the process was also modelled. Angular adjustments of the solar collectors from 70-90o were adopted in order to determine, the best material of construction for the parabolic solar collector and the angular orientati...

Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) light is the main causative factor for skin cancer. UV exposure depends on environmental and individual factors. Individual exposure data remain scarce and development of alternative assessment methods is greatly needed. We developed a model simulating human exposure to solar UV. The model predicts the dose and distribution of UV exposure received on the basis...

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is clearly associated with increased mortality from non-melanoma skin cancer – usually squamous cell carcinoma. However, the association with cutaneous melanoma is unclear from the evidence in ecologic studies, and the few analytic studies that have been published show that high levels of intermittent UV exposure prior to diagnosis are associated with ...

Four billion years ago, sea-level UV exposure was more than 400 times as intense as today, the dose from solar cosmic rays was five times present levels, and galactic cosmic rays accounted for only about 10% their current contribution to sea-level radiation doses. Exposure to cosmic radiation accounts for about 10% of natural background radiation exposure today and includes dose from galactic c...

The solar UV exposure to the eyes of humans is due to the direct and diffuse components of solar radiation. The direct ocular UV exposures to the eyes are reduced due to the natural aversion of the majority of people from looking directly at the sun. The diffuse UV is incident from all directions and as a result, it is more difficult to minimise the ocular exposure to this component of the sola...