Suicide rates in the United States have been steadily rising in proportion to other causes of death. The high incidence of suicidal behavior constitutes a major social and public health problems. The unemployment rate above the natural unemployment rate involves economic and social costs. The development of suicide prevention programs at the federal, state, and local levels has occurred to prev...

In recent decades, both asthma prevalence and incidence have been increasing worldwide, not only due to the genetic background, but mainly because of the effect of a wide number of environmental and lifestyle risk factors. In many countries noncommunicable diseases, like asthma, are not yet considered a healthcare priority. This review will analyze and discuss disparities in asthma management i...

Despite growing recognition of the negative externalities associated with reactive nitrogen (N), the damage costs of N to air, water, and climate remain largely unquantified. We propose a comprehensive approach for estimating the social cost of nitrogen (SCN), defined as the present value of the monetary damages caused by an incremental increase in N. This framework advances N accounting by con...

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the social costs of monopoly in Iranian concentrated industries during 1996-2006. Leibenstein approach has been employed to evaluate the social costs. Leibenstein believed that most monopolistic industries operate inefficiently because of being in the safe margin. Hence, he proposed that the costs of inefficiency be added to the welfare triangl...