Soil surface is directly affected by heavy traffic of machinery during harvesting operations. Machine often causes damage to forest soil which visible on the (ruts) and invisible changes in, for example, bulk density, penetration resistance, etc. Close-range photogrammetry state-of-the-art method used recording evaluation changes. This study aims analyze caused three types wheeled skidders with...

Determining the efficient density for forest roads is essential to decrease the costs of skidding and road constructing in forestry plans. In order to estimate the optimal density for road network in Dalak kheyl forest district (Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries), we calculated the roading costs and hourly costs of Timber jack 450C and HSM 904 skidders. The length of skid trails was measured...

Harvesting trials were performed during the winter and spring of 2003–2004 in central Oregon to compare the costs, production rates, and soil compaction impacts of two systems for harvesting western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis). The two systems compared were a conventional system consisting of manual felling, delimbing, and bucking using a chainsaw and skidding logs with a rubber-tired grap...

Temporary skid trail stream crossings have repeatedly been identified as having considerable potential to introduce sediment to streams. Forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs) have proven to be effective for controlling erosion and subsequent sedimentation, yet few studies have quantified sedimentation associated with various levels of BMPs for skidder stream crossings. Three skid trail stre...

Grapple skidder is a machine designed for the extraction of tree bunches after felling. Several factors influence its technical performance and costs such as terrain slope, operator experience time, type, size each operating cycle, among others. Thus, it becomes necessary to weigh variables that most productivity grapple skidder. So, main objective was evaluated according bunch using two feller...

the optimum road spacing has been studied by many researches. it is an important step of forest road network planning. the goals of this study are determining the optimum road spacing in kheiroudkenar forest of nowshahr in northern iran and study of effect of kind of skidder on skidding cost and road spacing. continues time study method was used to determine the production rate of taf and timbe...