Introduction Conclusions References

In the arid and semi-arid regions of Northeast Asia, grassland degradation has become a major environmental and economic problem, so sustainable utilization of resources is crucial in terms of not only supporting the local and animal production but also thinking about the global environment. Especially in Mongolia and North China, grassland degradation has mainly been induced by artificial fact...

intentionally manufactured or synthesized, as well as dioxins; however, they exist in fossil fuels, such as petroleum and coal. They are organic pollutants produced unintentionally by the combustion of organic compounds, like fossil fuels and waste. Especially, PAHs are formed during incomplete combustion; some PAHs, such as benzo(a)pyrene, have high carcinogenicity and mutagenicity for humans ...

Information processing and propagation in the central nervous system is mostly electrical in nature. At synapses, the insulating gaps between neurons, electrical signals cause the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters which travel across the synapse and modulate the postsynaptic neuron electrical activity. The interrelated nature of these signals and their implication in sever...

A novel method for independent and simultaneous monitoring of chromatic dispersion (CD), first-order PMD and OSNR in 40Gbit/s systems is proposed and demonstrated. This is performed using in-band tone monitoring of 5GHz, optically down-converted to a low intermediate-frequency (IF) of 10kHz. The measurement provides a large monitoring range with good accuracies for CD (4742+/-100ps/nm), differe...

We build a simple dynamic model to investigate the sequential group lending's ability to resolve the ex-ante moral hazard and under-monitoring problems among group members in comparison with simultaneous group lending. We found that the interest rates proposed by the lender are critical to the analytical results. If the interest rate is under certain parameter conditions, both the leader member...