Reports of formaldehyde levels in mainstream, sidestream, and environmental tobacco smoke from nine studies are reviewed. Considerable disparity exists between formaldehyde production rates determined from mainstream-sidestream studies and those reporting levels in environmental tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke does not appear to increase vapor-phase formaldehyde levels significantly in indoor envi...

Sidestream smoke contains many cancer causing chemicals and other toxic substances. In some cases, their levels are 30 times higher than in the smoke inhaled by the smoker. For example, compared to mainstream smoke, sidestream smoke contains greater amounts of ammonia, benzene, carbon monoxide, nicotine and some carcinogens from the same amount of burnt tobacco. The health effects of exposure t...

BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Enhanced function of the hemostatic system, in which platelets play a major role, is a significant underlying mechanism in cardiovascular disease and its progression. Epidemiological studies, complemented by physiological and biochemical data, show that cigarette smoke adversely affects platelet function, both in s...

Increasingly, proteins are delivered to the respiratory tract as an aerosol, and clinical efficacy is dependent on optimal delivery of the protein in an intact form. The object of this study was to compare the in vivo and in vitro results of two aerosol delivery systems for the aerosolization of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Patients with...

Separate treatment of high-nutrient sidestream is an efficient and cost effective way to decrease the loading on the main plant, resulting in lower effluent nutrient concentration. This study investigated the use of a combined forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) system for the removal of nitrogen present in high concentration in sidestream from anaerobic digestion process. The combine...

OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between brain oxidative stress and cardiovascular regulation. We evaluated the effects of central catalase inhibition on cardiovascular responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats exposed to sidestream cigarette smoke. METHODS Male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SH) (16 weeks old) were implanted with a ...

Passive smoking, or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, is a significant public health concern. It is widespread and has been implicated in excess cardiovascular mortality.1 In the United States, as many as 50 000 cardiovascular deaths per year may be attributable to passive smoking. The mechanisms by which passive smoking may increase cardiovascular risk are becoming increasingly clear...

BACKGROUND Since analysis of Sidestream Dark Field images still requires subjective interpretation, we wanted to determine intra-observer repeatability and to estimate the correlation between different evaluation methods. METHODS Fifty-four Sidestream Dark Field videos were analyzed twice by the same blinded observer using validated software. Vessels were detected, generating the parameter To...

BACKGROUND Within a study on respiratory symptoms in rural areas, we used the European Community Respiratory Health Survey methacholine challenge protocol. For quicker and more reliable handling, we had to change the nebulizer in the bronchial challenge system from Mefar model MB3 (Bovezzo, Italy) to Jaeger APS Sidestream (similar to Mefar; Würzburg, Germany). Therefore, we compared the physica...