Gray markets are unauthorized channels of distribution for a supplier’s authentic products. This paper studies a distribution channel that consists of a supplier who offers all-unit quantity discounts for batch orders to enjoy cost savings, and a reseller who may divert some goods to the gray markets. Our analysis shows the impact of gray markets depends on the reseller’s batch inventory holdin...

distribution of population depends on the distribution of goods and services. the distribution of population is very important not only for its effects on different aspects of population but also because of its relations with the general features of area. programmers can control the distribution of the population if they control the distribution of goods and services. the purpose of the present...

In a wide range of industries alternative electronic distribution channels may permit disintermediation of wholesalers and of retailers. In some cases manufacturers or primary service deliverers may be able to deal directly with their customers, while in other industries existing intermediaries may be able to withstand attempts to bypass them. Two illustrative industries — consumer packaged goo...

Distribution is a tool for creating a competitive advantage. In choosing the distribution method, costs should be taken into account. In this research I will explain distribution channels that include intensive distribution, selective distribution and exclusive distribution. Exactly, the intensive distribution as the one of the main distribution channels will be explained. Also the advantages a...

The bulk of the crustal shortening across Himalayas is accommodated Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), forming topographic ridges Siwalik Hills. Here, we quantify metrics to document geomorphic response progressive shortening. We use integral method channel profile analysis assess development thrust anticline in eastern and western Churia, Dundwa, Mohand Ranges. River steepness (ksn), distribution knic...

The axon initial segment (AIS) is the site of spike initiation in neurons. Previous studies revealed that spatial distribution of the AIS varies greatly among neurons to meet their specific needs. However, when and how this differentiation arises is unknown. Neurons in the avian nucleus laminaris (NL) are binaural coincidence detectors for sound localization and show differentiation in the dist...

In the modern world, international commerce provides more links between the people of different nations than all the political, religious, and humanitarian delegations combined. Every day, millions of goods are produced, shipped, bought, and sold by over seven billion people around the world. People pay little attention to where these goods come from. Instead, they simply expect them to appear ...

We study the transport properties of disordered electron systems that contain perfectly conducting channels. Two quantum network models that belong to different universality classes, unitary and symplectic, are simulated numerically. The perfectly conducting channel in the unitary class can be realized in zigzag graphene nano-ribbons and that in the symplectic class is known to appear in metall...

this paper examines the short- and long-run effects of domestic research and development (r&d;) and foreign r&d; (throw the channels of capital goods import and foreign direct investment) on iranian economic growth using of endogenous growth models and bounds test approach to level relationship over the period of 1351-1386. bounds test approach results confirm the existence of long-run relation...

This study attempted to assess the situation of Iranian pistachio and its export distribution channels. The main purposes of this study were to determine the most important strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities facing the distribution channels of export of pistachio in Kerman province and to suggest appropriate strategies for the current situation. For this purpose, an experimental a...