Ethanol (EtOH) often has stimulatory effects at low doses and inhibitory effects at high doses, affecting behavior and physiology of many organisms in a non-linear manner suggestive of hormesis. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) shoaling was studied in adult fish exposed to one of five different EtOH concentrations (v/v): 0.0% control, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. Digital photographs of groups of four ...

As waves propagate into nearshore waters, the wave dispersive relation is significantly affected by the nonlinear dynamics of the shoaling process (Herbers et al. 2002). This could have important effects to the interpretation and application of remote sensing results of shallow water waves (Stockdon and Holman, 2000). Many field studies are carried out based on temporally measured wave data to ...

BACKGROUND Individuals have to trade-off the costs and benefits of group membership during shoaling behaviour. Shoaling can increase the risk of parasite transmission, but this cost has rarely been quantified experimentally. Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) are a model system for behavioural studies, and they are commonly infected by gyrodactylid parasites, notorious fish pathogens that are direct...

Abnormal social behavior is a symptom of many human conditions, including Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). The zebrafish may be an excellent model to study embryonic alcohol effects, owing to the ease of drug administration. In recent decades, zebrafish have become increasingly popular in behavioral neuroscience, and their elaborate behavioral repertoire can provide insights in brain fu...

Polyandry (female multiple mating) can confer important benefits to females, but few studies have considered its potential costs. One such cost may arise through differences in the relatedness of offspring born to females with different mating histories; offspring born to monandrous females are always full siblings, while those produced by polyandrous females may be full or half siblings. These...

A set of optimum parameter a is obtained to evaluate the linear dispersion and shoaling properties in the extended Boussinesq equations of Madsen and Sørensen (1992), Nwogu (1993), and Chen and Liu (1995). Optimum a values are determined to produce minimal errors in each wave property of phase velocity, group velocity, or shoaling coefficient relative to the analytical one given by the Stokes w...

[1] The evolution and breaking of internal solitary waves in a shallow upper layer as they approach a constant bottom slope is examined through laboratory experiments. The waves are launched in a two-layer fluid through the standard lock-release method. In most experiments, the wave amplitude is significantly larger than the depth of the shallow upper layer so that they are not well described b...

BACKGROUND Grouping behaviour, common across the animal kingdom, is known to reduce an individual's risk of predation; particularly through dilution of individual risk and predator confusion (predator inability to single out an individual for attack). Theory predicts greater risk of predation to individuals more conspicuous to predators by difference in appearance from the group (the 'oddity' e...

First arrivals of seismic waves were recorded along the Kamchatka arc using broadband seismic stations deployed for one year in 1998–1999. Cross correlation methods were used from a high resolution data set for tomographic inversion of body waves. The P-wave teleseismic tomography shows evidence of slab shoaling along the northern terminus of the Kamchatka subduction zone. Tomographic anomalies...