SEPTICITY WITHIN A sewerage system occurs when microorganisms present in sewage and adhering to submerged surfaces have utilised all the dissolved oxygen and any nitrates that may be present in the sewage (derived from ground-water infiltration or present in the water supply). When anaerobic conditions have developed, bacteria in the sewage reduce the organic compounds of sulphur to sulphide an...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Availability of clean water and adequate sanitation facilities are of prime importance for limiting diarrhoeal diseases. We examined the water and sanitation facilities of a village in southern India using geographic information system (GIS) tools. METHODS Places of residence, water storage and distribution, sewage and places where people in the village defaecated were ...

Human-specific Bacteroides HF183 (HS-HF183), human-specific Enterococci faecium esp (HS-esp), human-specific adenoviruses (HS-AVs) and human-specific polyomaviruses (HS-PVs) assays were evaluated in freshwater, seawater and distilled water to detect fresh sewage. The sewage spiked water samples were also tested for the concentrations of traditional fecal indicators (i.e., Escherichia coli, ente...

Access to services and infrastructure is generally available nationwide in Germany (drinking water supply, sewage treatment, mail, telecommunications, transport). The quality of these services, however, differs from region to region. One field which needs improvement is sewage treatment where, for economic reasons, the number of decentralised systems is growing. The call for nationwide access t...

T HE Connecticut State Department of Health has recently completed a fairly exhaustive survey of the sanitary condition of all of Connecticut's shore waters on Long Island Sound. For many years, and particularly in recent years, the department has received numerous inquiries as to the safety of sections of the shore for bathing. It has been impossible to give intelligent answers to these questi...

Introduction From the spread of the Zika virus, to the polluted waters in Rio de Janeiro, media reports have highlighted health concerns in Brazil. An editorial in the New York Times (Cox 2016), along with other media reports of high levels of sewage contamination in Rio’s recreational waters, caused wide-ranging concerns about the safety of sailing, rowing, and other open-water events at the 2...

In this study, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM)-producing Enterobacteriaceae were identified in Irish recreational waters and sewage. Indistinguishable NDM-producing Escherichia coli by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were isolated from sewage, a fresh water stream and a human source. NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from sewage and seawater in the same area were closely rela...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Hepatitis A is an enterically transmitted viral disease, highly prevalent in India and mainly presents as a paediatric sporadic disease. This study investigated an outbreak of viral hepatitis at Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India, during January-March 2007. METHODS Eighty seven blood samples, 3 water samples and 2 sewage samples were collected. Serum samples were tested fo...

Urban rivers are polluted with discharge from sewage treatment plants and overflowing sewage caused by rainfall (Nix and Merry, 1990; Shiraris et al., 1987). These waste waters accelerate eutrophication of aquatic environments. Since urban river water is the public water supply source, it is an i~0ortant for public health issue to determine whether or not urban rivers are polluted with fecal ef...