since the jurisprudential traditions have accepted clearly buying & selling the hunter dogs and there is no available jurisprudential traditions about other species of dogs like as flock, garden and..., many of the jurists don't accept the trading and selling of those dogs. but deliberating upon traditions show that the buying & selling of those dogs is correct and there is no problem. in ...

competition is against monopoly and intellectual property creates monopoly for intellectual property owner. this article had been paid cooperation between apparently contradictory policies. exhaustion, parallel imports, compulsory license, intellectual property exploitation contract that coincide with competition are methods of cooperation between intellectual property and competition law. comp...

With the increasing interest in endoscopy and the rising number of endoscopic examinations in hospitals, the importance of endoscopic reprocessing is also increasing. Cure facilities that are understaffed and ill-equipped are trying to cope with the problems of insufficient cleaning and high infection risks. To prevent endoscopy-associated infection, the endoscope cleaning, and disinfection gui...

We consider an industry with one incumbent and many potential entrants. Initially the high entry cost does not enable a pro table entry. Suppose an outside innovator holds a patent on a technology that eliminates the entry cost but has a marginal cost at least as high as the current one. The innovator wishes to sell his intellectual property (IP) to the incumbent, through bargaining. Even thoug...

one of the ways of selling products is “direct selling”. the companies which use this method sell their products directly to end users just by their distributors’ intermediation. in this method, distributors retail sell the products out of a fixed commercial location. harmful effect of loading unsold products with distributors had legislators make companies buy-back those products. briefly, we ...

We study a dynamic buyer-seller problem in which the good is information and there are no property rights. The potential buyer is reluctant to pay for information whose value to him is uncertain, but the seller cannot credibly convey its value to the buyer without disclosing the information itself. Information comes as divisible hard evidence. We show how and why the seller can appropriate a su...